The Extendable multi user microprocessor ELAN system (EUMEL) is a microkernel operating system. Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung (GMD) and Hochschulrechenzentrum (HRZ) of Bielefeld University created and developed it between 1978 and 1990. L3, EUMEL’s successor, is still in use by a few legacy systems as of 2016.
EUMEL is different from conventional operating systems in a lot of ways. Some of them were neccessary due to hardware constraints at the time and others were deliberatly designed this way. EUMEL’s key features are:
The OS has two hardware abstraction layers, significantly improving its portability. The first one, Software/Hardware (SHard), provides functions for a concrete machine, such as the Olivetti M20, Amiga ST or IBM PC AT/XT. EUMEL0 (Urlader), the second layer, implements a virtual machine on top of a specific processor architecture like Z80 or x86. Programs are compiled into bytecode for the virtual EUMEL0 machine, making them portable across different machines.
Every object (dataspace) lives in a single, virtual address space. A dataspace is divided into pages, which can reside in memory or on disk. The operating system transparently moves (swaps) pages to disk if they have not been in use lately and reads them back as soon as a process needs the data. Every file and every task is a dataspace.
Pages are shareable and can be copied without a cost. EUMEL automatically unshares them if changes are made to one of the copies.
Since everything resides in the single-level store the machine can powered off and back on again, with all tasks restarting execution from the last snapshot. These are created on request and every 15 minutes.
A single machine running EUMEL is capable of serving multiple “thin clients” connected via serial lines. Additionally users can share files and start remote processes by linking multiple machines with EUMEL-Netz.
ELAN is system implementation language, programming language, shell language and documentation language.
Fortunately a set of 1.2 MB install floppy disks of EUMEL’s x86 port has been preserved, see section artifacts. It can be installed in any virtual machine emulating an IBM PC. In this example we’re using qemu.
Create a 128 MB harddrive: qemu-img create root.img 128M
Start the setup program: qemu-system-i386 -drive file=02_setup.img,if=floppy,format=raw -drive file=root.img,format=raw
Create a new partition by pressing 1<return>, confirm with j and accept the following defaults with <return> or j.
If the main screen is displayed again press 0<return> and confirm yet again with j to exit setup. The screen should now read “E N D E”.
Quit qemu and restart it with the third floppy disk. The bootloader complains that “HG ungueltig”.
Press any key followed by 2 and a confirmation with j. Reset the machine again.
Now we have to set up the keyboard layout and time. Select “Kanal 1” with j, then press n until pc.1.25 is displayed and confirm. Disable “Kanal 2” and 15 with n and decline deleting those channels with n.
Congratulations, a fully functional EUMEL is now running in your virtual machine! For the next steps head over to [praxis1].
In 1974 the research group Programmiersprachen und Compiler II at TU Berlin led by C.H.A Koster and Hochschulrechenzentrum (HRZ) Bielefeld developed different versions of SLAN, a programming language family suited for educational purposes. This language was later renamed to ELAN, an abbreviation for Elementary Language [hahn79] [klingen83] or Educational Language [hommel79].
Jochen Liedtke and Ulrich Bartling, both studying maths at Bielefeld University at that time, created a compiler for SLAN3B as part of their diploma thesis in 1976 [liedtke76][bartling76]. It was written in CDL, a machine independent compiler description language, and generated code for Siemens’ BS 1000 and BS 2000 mainframe operating system running on a BS 4004/45 machine. It was later ported to the IBM 370 and TR 440 [hahn79].
But ELAN was supposed to be used in schools or at universities and most of them could not affort the cost of such a machine. Thus a compiler and runtime system for the smaller and less expensive microprocessors was needed [liedtke79]. Development of this system began in 1977 or 1978[1]. It ran on the Zilog Z80 microprocessor with 64 kilobytes of RAM. This machine’s cost were approximately 20,000 DM (10,000 USD). The runtime system was called Extendable multi user microprocessor ELAN system, abbreviated EUMEL.
A year later, in 1979, details about EUMEL were published in GMD Spiegel [liedtke79], a quarterly publication published by GMD, and then presented at 9. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Informatik at University of Bonn [kloeckner79]. Officially the cooperation between HRZ Bielefeld and GMD began in fall 1979 [gmdspiegel85d].
The original ELAN compiler written by Liedtke and Bartling was rewritten in 1982 as part of project MIKROS at GMD [eumelspiegel82d]. Its replacement was programmed using CDL’s successor, CDL2 [cdl2-basismaschine82] [gmdbericht84]. This work resulted in ports of EUMEL to different processor architectures, starting with Zilog 8001 used by the Olivetti M 20. This version was presented a year later at Hannover Messe 1983 [computerwoche83a] [rechenanlagen83].
For their efforts to transfer EUMEL to Japan a delegation consisting of Konrad Klöckner, Jochen Liedtke, Peter Heyderhoff, Dietmar Heinrichs and Uwe Beyer received the Technologie-Transfer-Preis worth 15.000 DM by Minister of Scientific Research Heinz Riesenhuber on 1985-12-09. [happycomputer86] [gmdspiegel85d] [generalanzeiger85]
Another two years later, in October 1987, the spin-off company ERGOS (Ergonomic Office Software GmbH) finally started marketing EUMEL to customers. GMD was still responsible for development and maintenance of EUMEL and schulis until 1990 [gmdspiegel87c].
The following table lists release dates. It was reconstructed from multiple sources.
Version |
Date |
|
---|---|---|
0.7 |
May 1979 |
|
1.5 |
≤1981 |
|
1.5.5 |
≤1981-07 |
|
1.5.6 |
1981-10-12 |
|
1.6 |
≤fall 1982 |
|
1.6.3 |
1982-05-07 |
|
1.6.4 |
1982-07-01 |
|
1.6.5 |
1982-10-10 |
|
1.7 |
≤mid 1984 |
|
1.7.3 |
≤1985-09-21 |
|
1.7.5 |
1986-10-01 |
[eumelaktuell86] p. 9 |
1.8.0 |
1986-10-01 |
[eumelaktuell87a] p. 56 |
1.8.7 |
≤1990 |
Ideas for EUMEL’s successor „version 2.0“ were first presented by Liedtke in 1985 [gmdspiegel85c]. Since fall 1986 EUMEL „native code“ was in development [gmdbericht86a]. This would later become the Level 3 Operating System (L3), which was presented in 1988. It dropped the EUMEL0 virtual machine in favor of native x86 code since Intel’s 386 processor provided all the features necessary [gmdspiegel88a]. In the same year, on 1988-06-30, a workshop with 63 attendants was held at GMD Birlinghofen [gmdspiegel88c]
Yearly workshop were held at different locations, first at Bielefeld University and later at GMD Birlinghofen.
Date |
Location |
Attendance |
|
---|---|---|---|
1981-05-15 |
|||
1982-05-15 |
Bielefeld University |
||
1983-05-07 |
Bielefeld University |
||
1984-05-19 |
Bielefeld University |
(see picture below) [einladung-workshop84] |
|
1985-09-21 |
GMD Birlinghofen |
300 |
|
1986-10-04 |
GMD Birlinghofen |
350 |
|
1987-09-19/21 |
GMD Sankt Augustin |
200/100 |
|
1988-10-01 |
Realschule Niederpleis |
200 |
Available sources disagree on the actual number of installations. [liedtke93] mentions 2000 systems were installed by 1985, but [gmdbericht86a] counts only 1000 systems by the end of 1986. Amongst the users were a growing number of schools: 20 in 1982 ([alwr82], part 4, p. 13) and 500 secondary schools by 1986 [computerwoche86b]. A few of them are known by name:
Helmholtz-Gymnasium Bonn [computerwoche79b] [gmdspiegel84b]
Rhein-Sieg-Gymnasium Sankt Augustin [gmdbericht82]
Max-Planck-Gymnasium Bielefeld
Ceciliengymnasium Bielefeld ([elannewsletter81a] p. 21)
Gymnasium Wesermünde [eumelspiegel81b]
Carl Duisberg Gymnasium, Wuppertal [eumelspiegel81b]
Theodor Heuss Gymnasium, Hagen
EUMEL was also used by HRZ Bielefeld and at GMD Bonn, as well as TU Berlin [hahn79] and TU Darmstadt.
Additionally 400 lawyers ran advodat on EUMEL in 1987 [cr87a]. A survey amongst those located in Hannover in 1994 revealed four of 56 (7%) law offices still ran EUMEL machines eight years after intruduction of ErgoJUR and advodat [jurpc94].
GMD itself sold 22, 11 and 102 copies in 1982, ’83 and ’84 respectively. These numbers do not include copies sold by one of the 3, 4 and 7 licensees. [ttpreis85]
By mid 1985 support for the Japanese Kanji writing system was added to EUMEL [gmdspiegel85d]. A newly founded corporation NISSIN Products Corp. Tokyo sold the product on the Japanese market [gmdbericht85].
There are several tools for dealing with EUMEL data structures. extractArchive.py reads archive disks, which are similar to tarballs, and extracts their contents. The packet basic archive has more information on that [source86]. Documentation for the dataspace FILE can be found in the packet file handling. convertFileDs.py converts this dataspace into a plain text file.
[gmdstudien80c] page 198 describes the bootstrapping process:
Run EUMEL0 interpreter. This program is able to load dataspaces from floppy disks, which is required in the next step.
Load code and variable dataspaces for both passes of the cross-compiled ELAN compiler.
Load base system’s source code from floppy disks. This includes the supervisor, monitor, editor and all functions described by the ELAN standard.
Compile and run the supervisor.
Generate initial task tree.
Save all dataspaces to disk.
The EUMEL0 machine is a process virtual machine just like Pascal’s p-code machine or the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). It isolates tasks from each other and the system. Running native code is not possible. EUMEL0 is a multi address machine with no general purpose registers and thus data lives in virtual memory only. A few internal registers like instruction counter, condition flag for branching, several segment and status registers and a stack pointer exist.
The CISC instruction set was specifically designed for the high-level language ELAN. It includes arithmetic operations for ELAN’s primitive datatypes such as signed and unsigned integer as well as float (REAL) and operations for bytestrings (TEXT) and dataspaces. However the machine itself does not tag data and therefore doesn’t enforce types at runtime. The usual control flow operations are accompanied by ELAN-specific call and return instructions. Special instructions for terminal and archive disk I/O, exception-like error handling and inter-process communication (IPC) are available.
Some of the 31 primary instructions can be encoded with just two bytes. They consist of a 6 bit opcode and one short operand. Whenever the latter uses more than 10 bit a long encoding consisting of two bytes opcode plus operands is used. This format also encodes 127 secondary and six special instructions.
Details can be found in chapter two of [kernel83], the ELAN package eumel coder, this debugger’s sources and documentation and a reimplementation of the EUMEL0 virtual machine, EUMuLator.
This section contains downloadable floppy disk images rescued mostly from 5″ floppy disks (1.2 MB), grouped by category.
Additionally ELAN and assembly source code of applications and EUMEL’s kernel can be found in this repository and here.
These disks can be used to install EUMEL on a computer, usually an ordinary IBM PC:
EUMEL 1.8.6 (Urlader 1523) for IBM PC AT/XT dated January/February 1991. Includes setup instructions, setup, std.zusatz, std.graphik, printer drivers, manuals and DOS extensions and EUMEL Netz.
Dated February/March 1991. BASIC and DYNAMO compiler, LISP and Prolog interpreter, gs.hamster, gs.process, gs.dialog, gs.menugenerator, gs.mp-bap, gs.warenhaus and EUDAS 4.3 including documentation.
Three 360k floppy disk images for IBM PC containing Urlader (V 1.0 R, 1985), single-user and multi-user Hintergrund.
EUMEL 1.7.3 installer and user manual. Public Domain version 2.7.
SHard 5.2g, EUMEL 1.8.7 (Urlader 1523) for IBM PC on 1.2M disks, dated 1990 and several printer packets from 1988 and 1989 on 360k floppies.
Install media for L3 v2.1 and v2.2, as well as drivers and utils.
„Free“ distribution of L3, including install media, system disks, GNU C compiler and SQLE database software. See [l3frei94] for install instructions and license.
The following images contain application software for EUMEL:
Version 3.4, 4.4 and 5.3 on 720k floppies, as well as FLINT 0.4 and documentation for version 4.
Improved graphics subsystem, version 2.2 from November 1987. See [mpg87] for documentation for version 2.1.
Converter from EUMEL text to WordPerfect or DOS textfiles and EUDAS to AskSam
schulis base package, version 2.2.1
schulis math package, version 1.0. For documentation see [schulis-mathe-handbuch] and [schulis-mathe-begleitheft].
schulis simulation package for biology, chemistry and physics. Version 3.0. For documentation see [simsel-handbuch].
Floppy disk images listed in this section contain parts of an EUMEL system and development tools.
ModSoft setup and SHard 2.8, Schönbeck setup EUMEL version 3.1 (SHard 4.9g) including source code, 3.2 (SHard 5.1g), 3.2 (SHard 5.2g) and SHard 4.7g.
Miscellaneous Urlader, version 1.8.1t with info, 1.8.2e and 10057.
Hintergrund containing EUMEL 1.8.1, 1.8.2, 1.8.4 and 1.8.7.
Miscellaneous debugging tools: Tracing version 1, dataspace copy, disk monitor 3.5 and 3.7 and EUMEL coder 1.8.1. See [debug-1] and [load-ds4].
SHard porting documentation for M68k, x86 and Z80 processor architectures. See [portintel85], [portintel86] and [portz8084] for printed versions.
SHard for PIC400.
Source code for builtin packages of version 1.7.5.
Source: bitsavers, mayn.de, spam-filter.de
The German word Eumel describes a likeable fool (wally).
Wikipedia refers to EUMEL as L2 (for Liedtke 2). However this name is not mentioned in any documentation or source code. It was added to the German and English Wikipedia in 2006 without a source, which could be Jochen Liedtke’s death notice.
EUMEL was a registered wordmark from 1985 to 1996 (DPMA: 1087527 1106662)
EUMEL’s birthday is 1979-05-05T10:00 ([shard-module-api], page 6)
If you want to contribute floppies, manuals or documentation contact me in English or German via email or file an issue on GitHub.
I’d like to thank the following people for supporting this work: Gerd Aschemann, Ulrich Bartling, Frank Bellosa, Uwe Beyer, Hilmar von dem Bussche, Adolf Breiling, Detlef Dewitz, Martin Flasskamp, Denis Giffeler, Rainer Hahn, Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Robert Keil, Frank Klapper, Konrad Klöckner, Peter Kraege, Adelheid Liedtke, Albert Noltemeier, Lothar Oppor, Ulrike Petersen, Lutz Prechelt, Axel Puhlmann, Rudolf Ruland, Bhabani P. Sinha, Michael Staubermann, Bruno Westphal, Karl Wilhelm Starke, Stefan Stein, Michael Thies.
Processor |
Supported since |
---|---|
Zilog Z80 |
1979 |
Zilog Z8001 |
1983 |
Motorola 68000 |
1984 |
Intel 8086 |
1984 |
Intel 8088 |
1984 |
Intel 80186 |
≤1985 |
Intel 80286 |
1984 |
Manufacturer |
Model |
Processor |
Supported since |
---|---|---|---|
ALTOS |
8000-6 |
Z80 |
≤1982 |
8000-10 |
Z80 |
≤1982 |
|
Apple |
IIe |
Z80 |
≤1985 |
ATARI |
520 ST |
M68000 |
≤1985 |
BICOS |
CSK System |
Z80 |
≤1985 |
PC |
Intel 8086 |
≤1985 |
|
PC 286/20 |
Intel 80286 |
1985 |
|
CANON |
PC-A200 |
Intel 8086 |
≤1985 |
COMMODORE |
PC 10 |
Intel 8086/8088? |
≤1985 |
PC 20 |
Intel 8086/8088? |
≤1985 |
|
CSK |
Z80 |
1984 |
|
Epson |
PC |
Intel 8086 |
≤1985 |
PC-HD |
Intel 8086 |
≤1985 |
|
ERICSSON |
PC |
Intel 8088 |
|
PC-HD |
Intel 8088 |
||
PC-portable |
Intel 8088 |
||
FELTRON |
ELAN-PC |
Z80 |
1984 |
5080 |
Z80 |
≤1985 |
|
HP |
Vectra |
Intel 8086 |
|
IBM |
PC |
Intel 8086 |
≤1985 |
PC XT |
Intel 8088 |
1984 |
|
PC AT |
Intel 80286 |
1984 |
|
KHW |
PIC 400 |
Z80 |
|
M 24 |
Intel 8086 |
||
M 28 |
Intel 8086 |
||
Klein |
Klein-Computer |
Z80 |
≤1985 |
Nase |
MODUCOM |
Z80 |
≤1985 |
NCR |
Decision Mate V |
Z80 |
≤1985 |
Nixdorf |
PC 8810/35 |
1986 [cr86] |
|
Olivetti |
M20 |
Z8001 |
1983 |
M24 |
Intel 8086 |
1984 |
|
PHILIPS |
:YES |
Intel 80186/8 |
|
PIC |
400 |
Z80 |
≤1985 |
PROTEUS‚ -80 |
Z80 |
≤1985 |
|
68/20 |
M 68000 |
1986 [computerwoche86c] |
|
RUC |
Basis 108 |
Z80 |
≤1985 |
RUC-AT |
Intel 80286 |
||
SHARP |
MZ 5600er Serie |
Intel 8086 |
≤1985 |
MZ800er Serie |
Z80 |
1985 |
|
PC 7000 |
Intel 8086 |
≤1985 |
|
MZ 5600er Serie |
Intel 8086 |
||
PC 7500 |
Intel 80286 |
||
SIEMENS |
PC-D |
Intel 80186 |
≤1985 |
SPERRY |
Intel 8086 |
≤1985 |
|
TANDON |
PCA |
Intel 80286 |
≤1985 |
TANDON |
PCX |
Intel 80286 |
≤1985 |
TCS |
Genie 16c |
Intel 8086 |
≤1985 |
ZENITH |
PC Z-158 |
Intel 8086 |
|
Triumph-Adler |
Alphatronic P50 |
Intel 8086 |
≤1985 |
Alphatronic P60 |
Intel 8086 |
≤1985 |
|
System M |
M68000 |
1984 |
|
System M32 |
M68000 |
1985 |
|
PC16 |
1985 |
Sources: [computerwoche83a], [gmdbericht84], [gmdspiegel85d], [seyfert87], [stc87a], [vertriebsinfos], [eumelaktuell85].
The following (commercial) software, grouped by vendor, was available for EUMEL. Prices excluding VAT/GST.
Arabellastraße 15
8000 München
1984
Mühlenstraße 47
4800 Bielefeld 1
PO box 1240
5205 Sankt Augustin 1
Database
Statistics software
1984
1986-10
1986-03
Modellcomputer MOCO
1986-01-01
MS-DOS interoperability layer
Relational database with SQL support
Emil-Figge-Straße 76
4600 Dortmund 1
Relational database
Software suite for doctors
Bonngasse 4–6
5300 Bonn 1
1986
Wildbader Straße 7
6800 Mannheim 61
BTX-Inhouse-Lösung
Branchenpaket für Handelsvertreter
software for debt collecting agencies
Organisationspaket
Sources: [praxis3] pp. 223–224, [rechenanlagen83], [computerwoche87a], [ambros90b], [software93] p. 294 and p. 376, [vertriebsinfos], [seyfert87].
Auto-generated from RDF graph.
Michael Spehr: EUMEL – das andere Betriebssystem. 68oooer, issue 1, pp. 52–54. 1988-01. 6xq.net.
AGFA P400-Makros. 1987-06-12. 6xq.net.
ALWR Kommissionsbericht: Mikrocomputer: Einsatz im Hochschulbereich. 1982-10-22. zki.de.
Wolfgang Ambros: Der Hamster – Programmieren lernen in einer Modellwelt. 1987. 6xq.net.
Wolfgang Ambros: Der Hamster – Programmieren lernen in einer Modellwelt – Lehrerband. 1987. 6xq.net.
Wolfgang Ambros: ITG mit EUMEL und ELAN. LOG IN, issue 10, pp. 55–58. 1990. 6xq.net.
Wolfgang Ambros: Das Betriebssystem EUMEL. LOG IN, issue 10, pp. 86–88. 1990. 6xq.net.
Wolfgang Ambros: Zur Akzeptanz der EUMEL-Software. LOG IN, issue 5. 1990.
Betriebssystem EUMEL auf Personal Computern. Automatisierungstechnik at, volume 34, issue 5, p. 174. 1986. degruyter.com.
Ulrich Bartling: Implementation eines SLAN-Compilers, Teil 2. 1976. 6xq.net.
Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Einführung in das EUMEL-System. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 1. 6xq.net.
Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Der Supervisor und das Task-System/Der EUMEL-Monitor. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 2/3. 6xq.net.
Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Der EUMEL-Editor. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 4. 6xq.net.
Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Der ELAN-Compiler im EUMEL-System. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 5. 6xq.net.
Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Allgemeine Dateiverwaltung. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 6. 6xq.net.
Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Der Datentyp FILE und seine Operationen. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 7. 6xq.net.
Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Archivverwaltung. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 8. 6xq.net.
Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Textbe- und -verarbeitung. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 9. 6xq.net.
Thomas Berlage, Peter Heyderhoff, Robert Merkel, Ernst Schrenk, Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Text-Strukturierungssystem EUDAS. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 10. 1982-05-10. 6xq.net.
Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Drucker im EUMEL-System. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 11. 6xq.net.
Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Der SPOOLER. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 12. 6xq.net.
Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Fehlerbehandlung im EUMEL-System. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 13. 6xq.net.
Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Standardpakete im EUMEL-System. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 14. 6xq.net.
Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Weitere Standard-Datentypen. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 15. 6xq.net.
Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Spezielle Datentypen. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 16. 6xq.net.
Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Graphik im EUMEL-System. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 17. 1982-10-12. 6xq.net.
Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Der Graphik-Editor. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 18.
Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Der Scanner/Der OPERATOR. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 19/20. 6xq.net.
Dietmar Heinrichs, Peter Heyderhoff, Jochen Liedtke and Rainer Hahn: Job-Accounting. EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch Version 1.6, volume 21.
Rainer Hahn: Vorläufiges EUMEL-Benutzerhandbuch (Null-Version). 1979-11-07.
Rainer Hahn, Reinhard Nolting and Rudolf Ruland: Bielefelder Blätter zu EUMEL. issue 1. 1986-12. 6xq.net.
Bielefelder Blätter zu EUMEL. 1989-01. 6xq.net.
Cardbox. 1987-06-12. 6xq.net.
Lowell A. Carmony: ELAN: An Elementary Language That Promotes Godd Programming. Proceedings of the Thirteenth SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 163–166. 1982. 6xq.net.
Jochen Liedtke: CDL2 Basismaschine. 1982-06-29. 6xq.net.
Änderungen und Erweiterungen der Version 1.8.0. EUMEL Workshop. 1986-10-04. 6xq.net.
Große Zukunft für wenige. Chip, issue 7, pp. 92–95. 1984-07.
Siegfried Kröger: Gemeinsamkeit macht stark. Chip, issue 3, pp. 276–277. 1987-03. 6xq.net.
Drei Betriebssysteme für den Atari ST. Chip, issue 12, pp. 126–128. 1987-12. 6xq.net.
J. Höfling: Mikro-Vernetzung über Eumel-Netz. Chip, Chip Plus, issue 6, pp. 4–6. 1988-06. 6xq.net.
C. Dürr: Zehn Betriebssysteme. Chip, issue 8, pp. 120–128. 1989-08. 6xq.net.
„Eumel“ mit „Elan“. Computerwoche, issue 25. 1979-06-22. computerwoche.de.
Vier Tage Härtetest für „Eumel“. Computerwoche, issue 43. 1979-10-26. computerwoche.de.
16-Bit-Version auf Ollivetti-M20. Computerwoche, issue 17. 1983-04-22. computerwoche.de.
Ausbildungs-Eumel. Computerwoche, issue 43. 1983-10-21. computerwoche.de.
DV-Transparenz für Anwälte angepeilt. Computerwoche, issue 45. 1985-11-08. computerwoche.de.
Japaner zeigen Interesse an „Eumel“. Computerwoche, issue 11. 1986-03-14. computerwoche.de.
Technologiepreis für Eumel verliehen. Computerwoche, issue 4. 1986-01-24. computerwoche.de.
32-Bit-„Maximikro“ von Proteus. Computerwoche, issue 11. 1986-03-14. 6xq.net.
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