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-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="ar">
-<head>
- <meta charset="utf-8">
- <title>لؤلؤة</title>
- <!--<meta name="description" content="">-->
- <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-
- <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=IBM+Plex+Mono|IBM+Plex+Sans:100,400&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
- <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/purecss@1.0.1/build/pure-min.css" integrity="sha384-oAOxQR6DkCoMliIh8yFnu25d7Eq/PHS21PClpwjOTeU2jRSq11vu66rf90/cZr47" crossorigin="anonymous">
- <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/purecss@1.0.1/build/grids-responsive-min.css">
- <script src="https://cdn.pydata.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-1.3.4.min.js"></script>
- <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<div class="title-card pure-g">
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-lg-1-3">
- <div class="lbox">
- <h1 class="title"><img class="logo" src="lulua-logo.svg" alt="لؤلؤة"></h1>
- <div class="pure-g flexreverse">
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-2">
- <!--<h2 class="subtitle">لوحة مفاتيح العربية المريحة</h1>-->
- </div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-2">
- <h2 class="subtitle" lang="en">Ergonomic Arabic Keyboard Layout</h2>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-lg-2-3">
- <div class="lbox">
- <div class="layout">
- <img src="ar-lulua.svg" alt="لؤلؤة">
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
- </div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
- <div class="lbox">
- <p>This is work in progress and contributions are welcome. Head over to
- <a href="https://github.com/PromyLOPh/lulua">GitHub</a> to see where
- you can help.</p>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
- </div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
- <div class="lbox">
- <h2>Goals</h2>
- <ul>
- <li>Ergonomic typing of unvocalized and vocalized text with 10 fingers</li>
- <li>Modern Standard Arabic and Quranic Arabic</li>
- <li>Localized numbers (European/Arabic-Indic)</li>
- <li>Usable as primary or secondary keyboard</li>
- <li>Compose-based</li>
- <li>Support for Markdown, RST, Wikitext and similar markup</li>
- </ul>
-
- <p>Other languages using the Arabic alphabet (regional dialects, Urdu,
- Persian) are explicitly not supported.</p>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
- </div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
- <div class="lbox">
- <h2>Usage</h2>
- <dl>
- <dt>Windows</dt>
- <dd>Download <a href="ar-lulua-w64.zip">driver</a> and follow instructions in <kbd>INSTALL.txt</kbd></dd>
- <dt>Android</dt>
- <dd>Install
- <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.menny.android.anysoftkeyboard">AnySoftKeyboard</a>
- and
- <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.anysoftkeyboard.languagepack.arabic">Arabic for AnySoftKeyboard</a>
- <dt>Linux</dt>
- <dd>Run: <code>xmodmap <a href="ar-lulua.xmodmap">ar-lulua.xmodmap</a></code></dd>
- </dl>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="indepth-card">
-<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
- </div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
- <div class="lbox">
- <h1>Learn more</h1>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<section>
-<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
- <div class="lbox">
- <h2>الأبجدية العربية</h2>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
- <div class="lbox">
- <h2>The Arabic Alphabet</h2>
- <p>
- There are 28 letters in the Arabic alphabet, plus quite a few extra
- symbols required for proper text input, like the hamza in its different
- shapes <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">أ إ آ ء ئ ؤ</bdo>, ta marbutah <bdo
- dir="ltr" lang="ar">ة</bdo>, alif maqsurah <bdo dir="ltr"
- lang="ar">ى</bdo> and various diacritics for vowelized texts.
- <!-- -->
- Since the usability of a keyboard layout depends on the text entered
- it is necessary to study letter and letter combination frequencies first.
- <!-- -->
- The corpus used for the following analysis consists of
- </p>
-
- include(`corpus.html')
-
- <p>
- The plot below shows <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ا ل ي م و ن</bdo> can be
- considered the most frequently used letters in the Arabic language.
- <!-- -->
- Together they account for more than 55% of all letters in the corpus.
- </p>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<figure id="letterfreq">
-<div class="lbox" lang="en">
- <div id="letterfreq-div"></div>
-</div>
-<figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
- </div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
- <div class="lbox">
- <p>Arabic letter frequency distribution</p>
- </div>
- </div>
-</figcaption>
-</figure>
-</section>
-
-<section>
-<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
- </div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
- <div class="lbox">
- <h2>Layout properties</h2>
-
- <p>The following evaluation uses color coding to identify fingers:</p>
- <dl class="colorcodes">
- <dt class="finger little">red</dt>
- <dd>little finger</dd>
- <dt class="finger ring">blue</dt>
- <dd>ring finger</dd>
- <dt class="finger middle">magenta</dt>
- <dd>middle finger
- <dt class="finger index">violet</dt>
- <dd>index finger</dd>
- <dt class="finger thumb">cyan</dt>
- <dd>thumb</dd>
- </dl>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<figure id="ar-lulua-heat">
-<div class="lbox" lang="en">
- <img src="ar-lulua-heat.svg">
- include(`ar-lulua-fingerhand.html')
-</div>
-</figure>
-</section>
-
-<section class="layoutgallery">
- <div class="pure-g flexreverse">
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
- </div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
- <div class="lbox">
- <h2>Related work</h2>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
-
- <figure id="ar-asmo663">
- <div class="lbox">
- <img src="ar-asmo663-heat.svg">
- include(`ar-asmo663-fingerhand.html')
- </div>
- <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
- </div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
- <div class="lbox">
- <p>
- Trying to unify existing layouts, the Arab Standardization and
- Meterology Organization (ASMO), now part of
- <a href="https://www.aidmo.org/">AIDMO</a>, published an Arabic
- keyboard layout in 1987 as
- <a href="https://www.aidmo.org/smcacc/ar/index.php?option=com_sobi2&Itemid=2&limitstart=2150">standard 663</a>.
- <!-- -->
- This, however, turned out to be a failure, due to lack of adoption by
- the typewriter industry.
- </p>
- </div>
- </div>
- </figcaption>
- </figure>
-
- <figure id="ar-linux">
- <div class="lbox">
- <img src="ar-linux-heat.svg">
- include(`ar-linux-fingerhand.html')
- </div>
- <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
- </div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
- <div class="lbox">
- <p>
- Instead we’re currently using this layout (on Linux), which is
- similar, but not quite the same.
- <!-- -->
- Most notably this layout arranges letters by their visual similarity.
- <!-- -->
- Thus it allocates suboptimal or even awkward positions to frequently
- used letters like <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ا ل</bdo> and
- <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ذ</bdo>.
- </p>
- </div>
- </div>
- </figcaption>
- </figure>
-
- <figure id="ar-malas">
- <div class="lbox">
- <img src="ar-malas-heat.svg">
- include(`ar-malas-fingerhand.html')
- </div>
- <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
- </div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
- <div class="lbox">
- <p>
- The work by Malas et al. (2008),
- <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1bf8/74dcaa7f21c2cc3c6c5e526b61a9ee352bba.pdf">Toward Optimal Arabic Keyboard Layout Using Genetic Algorithm</a>,
- presents an alternative layout generated by a genetic algorithm.
- <!-- -->
- They used a snapshot of the Arabic Wikipedia probably from around 2008 and
- optimized for typing speed only, claiming 35% faster typing compared
- to the <a href="#ar-linux">currently used layouts</a>.
- <!-- -->
- However the decision to put <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ي</bdo> in the top
- row seems odd.
- <!-- -->
- Assigning the same left index finger to <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ا
- ي و</bdo>, which are three of the most frequent letters, heavily
- strains this particular finger.
- </p>
- </div>
- </div>
- </figcaption>
- </figure>
-
- <figure id="ar-osman">
- <div class="lbox">
- <img src="ar-osman-heat.svg">
- include(`ar-osman-fingerhand.html')
- </div>
- <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
- </div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
- <div class="lbox">
- <p>
- In 2015 patent
- <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US9041657B2/en">9,041,657 B2</a>
- was filed in the US, presenting yet another computer-generated layout.
- <!-- -->
- Its genetic algorithm was seeded with just 54 Arabic e-books consisting
- of 7 million characters in total.
- <!-- -->
- Overall it claims to be 9% faster than default layouts.
- <!-- -->
- This layout rips off most of the standard layout’s second layer,
- but amusingly fails to include a question mark, while it does
- provide <em>three</em> single-quote marks ’ and <em>two</em> Arabic
- semicolon <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">؛</bdo>.
- <!-- -->
- Additionally it places <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ي</bdo> in an even
- worse position than Malas’ layout.
- </p>
- </div>
- </div>
- </figcaption>
- </figure>
-
- <figure>
- <div class="lbox">
- <img src="ar-khorshid-heat.svg">
- include(`ar-khorshid-fingerhand.html')
- </div>
- <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
- </div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
- <div class="lbox">
- <p>
- In the paper
- <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264837659_A_new_optimal_Arabic_keyboard_layout_using_genetic_algorithm">A new optimal Arabic keyboard layout using genetic algorithm</a>
- Khorshid et al. present yet another
- layout.
- <!-- -->
- They claim a 36% improvement over the standard keyboard based on
- their criteria for ergonomic layouts.
- <!-- -->
- However in their layout from figure 8 the letters <bdo dir="ltr"
- lang="ar">ل ب ر</bdo> are in suboptimal positions.
- <!-- -->
- Also it seems their algorithm favors the bottom row instead of the
- easier to use top row.
- </p>
- </div>
- </div>
- </figcaption>
- </figure>
-
- <figure>
- <div class="lbox">
- <img src="ar-phonetic-heat.svg">
- include(`ar-phonetic-fingerhand.html')
- </div>
- <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
- </div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
- <div class="lbox">
- <p>
- The <a href="http://arabic.omaralzabir.com/home">Arabic Phonetic Keyboard</a>
- simply maps the QWERTY layout to Arabic letters, based on their sound.
- Thus Q becomes <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ق</bdo>, Y becomes <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ي</bdo> and so on.
- It claims to be optimized for writing vowelized texts, especially
- Quranic Arabic, and thus includes quite a few combining characters and
- special symbols.
- Although it claims to make frequently used letters easily available –
- based on the work of Intellaren – it makes no effort to arrange letters
- according to their usage frequency.
- </p>
- </div>
- </div>
- </figcaption>
- </figure>
-
- <div class="pure-g flexreverse">
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
- </div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
- <div class="lbox">
- <p>
- While technically speaking not a layout but alternative input
- method, <a href="http://www.intellaren.com/intellark">Intellark</a> by
- Intellaren is worth mentioning.
- <!-- -->
- It is based on repeatedly pressing the same button to modifiy the
- current character.
- <!-- -->
- For example pressing A on the QWERTY keyboard cycles through the
- alternatives <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ا أ إ آ</bdo> and <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ء</bdo>.
- <!-- -->
- Obviously this is slow, error-prone and violates Dvorak’s guidelines
- for keyboard layout designs.
- </p>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</section>
-
-<section>
-<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
- </div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
- <div class="lbox">
- <h2>Acknowledgements</h2>
-
- <p>This work would not have been possible without Martin Krzywinski’s
- work on <a
- href="http://mkweb.bcgsc.ca/carpalx/?typing_effort">carpalx</a>.</p>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-</section>
-
-<script>
-fetch('letterfreq.json')
- .then(function(response) { return response.json(); })
- .then(function(item) { Bokeh.embed.embed_item(item, 'letterfreq-div'); })
-</script>
-
-</body>
-</html>