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diff --git a/doc/index.html b/doc/index.html index 815b2a4..4e14658 100644 --- a/doc/index.html +++ b/doc/index.html @@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ <body> <div class="title-card pure-g"> - <div class="lbox"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-lg-1-3"> - <h1 lang="ar"><img class="logo" src="lulua-logo.svg"></h1> + <div class="lbox"> + <h1 class="title"><img class="logo" src="lulua-logo.svg"></h1> <div class="pure-g flexreverse"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-2"> <!--<h2 class="subtitle">لوحة مفاتيح العربية المريحة</h1>--> @@ -28,7 +28,9 @@ </div> </div> </div> - <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-lg-2-3" lang="en"> + </div> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-lg-2-3"> + <div class="lbox"> <div class="layout"> <img src="ar-lulua.svg" alt="لؤلؤة"> </div> @@ -77,11 +79,289 @@ <h2>Usage</h2> <dl> <dt>Linux</dt> - <dd><code>xmodmap <a href="ar-lulua.xmodmap">ar-lulua.xmodmap</a></code></dd> + <dd>Run: <code>xmodmap <a href="ar-lulua.xmodmap">ar-lulua.xmodmap</a></code></dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> +<div class="indepth-card"> +<div class="pure-g flexreverse"> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2"> + </div> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en"> + <div class="lbox"> + <h1>Learn more</h1> + </div> + </div> +</div> +</div> + +<section> +<div class="pure-g flexreverse"> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2"> + <div class="lbox"> + <h2>الأبجدية العربية</h2> + </div> + </div> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en"> + <div class="lbox"> + <h2>The Arabic Alphabet</h2> + <p> + There are 28 letters in the Arabic alphabet, plus quite a few extra + symbols required for proper text input, like the hamza in its different + shapes <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">أ إ آ ء ئ ؤ</bdo>, ta marbutah <bdo + dir="ltr" lang="ar">ة</bdo>, alif maqsurah <bdo dir="ltr" + lang="ar">ى</bdo> and various diacritics for vowelized texts. + <!-- --> + Since the usability of a keyboard layout depends on the text entered + it is necessary to study letter and letter combination frequencies first. + <!-- --> + The corpus used for the following analysis consists of + </p> + <ul> + <li>547,110 articles from + <a href="https://www.aljazeera.net/">aljazeera.net</a>, an + Arabic-language news site</li> + <li>149,901 articles from <a href="http://www.bbc.com/arabic">BBC + Arabic</a>, another Arabic-language news site</li> + <li><a href="https://dumps.wikimedia.org/arwiki/20190701/">a + dump</a> of the <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/">Arabic + Wikipedia</a> as of July 2019, extracted using + <a href="https://github.com/attardi/wikiextractor/tree/3162bb6c3c9ebd2d15be507aa11d6fa818a454ac">wikiextractor</a> + containing 857386 articles</li> + <li>and a plain-text copy of the Quran from <a + href="http://tanzil.net/docs/download">tanzil.net</a> using the + options Simple Enhanced and Text (for inclusion of diacritics)</li> + </ul> + <p> + summing up to roughly 1.5 billion characters. + <!-- --> + The plot below shows <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ا ل ي و م ن</bdo> can be + considered the most frequently used letters in the Arabic language. + </p> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<figure id="letterfreq"> +<div class="lbox" lang="en"> + <div id="letterfreq-div"></div> +</div> +<figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse"> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2"> + </div> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en"> + <div class="lbox"> + <p>Arabic letter frequency distribution</p> + </div> + </div> +</figcaption> +</figure> +</section> + +<section class="layoutgallery"> + <div class="pure-g flexreverse"> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2"> + </div> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en"> + <div class="lbox"> + <h2>Related work</h2> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <figure id="ar-asmo663"> + <div class="lbox"> + <img src="ar-asmo663.svg"> + </div> + <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse"> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2"> + </div> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en"> + <div class="lbox"> + <p> + Trying to unify existing layouts, the Arab Standardization and + Meterology Organization (ASMO), now part of + <a href="https://www.aidmo.org/">AIDMO</a>, published an Arabic + keyboard layout in 1987 as + <a href="https://www.aidmo.org/smcacc/ar/index.php?option=com_sobi2&Itemid=2&limitstart=2150">standard 663</a>. + <!-- --> + This, however, turned out to be a failure, due to lack of adoption by + the typewriter industry. + </p> + </div> + </div> + </figcaption> + </figure> + + <figure id="ar-linux"> + <div class="lbox"> + <img src="ar-linux.svg"> + </div> + <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse"> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2"> + </div> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en"> + <div class="lbox"> + <p> + Instead we’re currently using this layout (on Linux), which is + similar, but not quite the same. + <!-- --> + Most notably this layout arranges letters by their visual similarity. + <!-- --> + Thus it allocates suboptimal or even awkward positions to frequently + used letters like <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ا ل</bdo> and + <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ذ</bdo>. + </p> + </div> + </div> + </figcaption> + </figure> + + <figure id="ar-malas"> + <div class="lbox"> + <img src="ar-malas.svg"> + </div> + <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse"> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2"> + </div> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en"> + <div class="lbox"> + <p> + The work by Malas et al. (2008), + <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1bf8/74dcaa7f21c2cc3c6c5e526b61a9ee352bba.pdf">Toward Optimal Arabic Keyboard Layout Using Genetic Algorithm</a>, + presents an alternative layout generated by a genetic algorithm. + <!-- --> + They used a snapshot of the Arabic Wikipedia probably from around 2008 and + optimized for typing speed only, claiming 35% faster typing compared + to the <a href="#ar-linux">currently used layouts</a>. + <!-- --> + However the choice to put <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ي</bdo> in the top + row seems odd and suggests the authors did not take the time to review + the layout manually, given this letter is the third most frequent one + even in their own research. + </p> + </div> + </div> + </figcaption> + </figure> + + <figure id="ar-osman"> + <div class="lbox"> + <img src="ar-osman.svg"> + </div> + <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse"> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2"> + </div> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en"> + <div class="lbox"> + <p> + In 2015 patent + <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US9041657B2/en">9,041,657 B2</a> + was filed in the US, presenting yet another computer-generated layout. + <!-- --> + Its genetic algorithm was seeded with just 54 Arabic e-books consisting + of 7 million characters in total. + <!-- --> + Overall it claims to be 9% faster than default layouts. + <!-- --> + This layout rips off most of the standard layout’s second layer, + but amusingly fails to include a question mark, while it does + provide <em>three</em> single-quote marks ’ and <em>two</em> Arabic + semicolon <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">؛</bdo>. + <!-- --> + Additionally it places <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ي</bdo> in an even + worse position than Malas’ layout. + </p> + </div> + </div> + </figcaption> + </figure> + + <figure> + <div class="lbox"> + <img src="ar-khorshid.svg"> + </div> + <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse"> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2"> + </div> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en"> + <div class="lbox"> + <p> + In the paper + <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264837659_A_new_optimal_Arabic_keyboard_layout_using_genetic_algorithm">A new optimal Arabic keyboard layout using genetic algorithm</a> + Khorshid et al. present yet another + layout. + <!-- --> + They claim a 36% improvement over the standard keyboard based on + their criteria for ergonomic layouts. + <!-- --> + However in their layout from figure 8 both letters <bdo dir="ltr" + lang="ar">ب ر</bdo> are in suboptimal positions. + </p> + </div> + </div> + </figcaption> + </figure> + + <figure> + <div class="lbox"> + <img src="ar-phonetic.svg"> + </div> + <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse"> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2"> + </div> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en"> + <div class="lbox"> + <p> + The <a href="http://arabic.omaralzabir.com/home">Arabic Phonetic Keyboard</a> + simply maps the QWERTY layout to Arabic letters, based on their sound. + Thus Q becomes <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ق</bdo>, Y becomes <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ي</bdo> and so on. + It claims to be optimized for writing vowelized texts, especially + Quranic Arabic, and thus includes quite a few combining characters and + special symbols. + Although it claims to make frequently used letters easily available – + based on the work of Intellaren – it makes no effort to arrange letters + according to their usage frequency. + </p> + </div> + </div> + </figcaption> + </figure> + + <div class="pure-g flexreverse"> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2"> + </div> + <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en"> + <div class="lbox"> + <p> + While technically speaking not a layout but alternative input + method, <a href="http://www.intellaren.com/intellark">Intellark</a> by + Intellaren is worth mentioning. + <!-- --> + It is based on repeatedly pressing the same button to modifiy the + current character. + <!-- --> + For example pressing A on the QWERTY keyboard cycles through the + alternatives <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ا أ إ آ</bdo> and <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ء</bdo>. + <!-- --> + Obviously this is slow, error-prone and violates Dvorak’s guidelines + for keyboard layout designs. + </p> + </div> + </div> + </div> +</section> + + + +</div> +<script> +fetch('letterfreq.json') + .then(function(response) { return response.json(); }) + .then(function(item) { Bokeh.embed.embed_item(item, 'letterfreq-div'); }) +</script> + </body> </html> |