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-rw-r--r--lulua/data/report/index.html266
-rw-r--r--lulua/data/report/style.css23
2 files changed, 198 insertions, 91 deletions
diff --git a/lulua/data/report/index.html b/lulua/data/report/index.html
index 5c4ef8f..d240ba7 100644
--- a/lulua/data/report/index.html
+++ b/lulua/data/report/index.html
@@ -118,18 +118,18 @@
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
<div class="lbox">
- <h2>The Arabic Alphabet</h2>
+ <h2>The Arabic alphabet</h2>
<p>
- There are 28 letters in the Arabic alphabet, plus quite a few extra
- symbols required for proper text input, like the hamza in its different
+ 28 letters make up the Arabic alphabet and quite a few extra
+ symbols are required for proper text input, like the hamza in its different
shapes <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">أ إ آ ء ئ ؤ</bdo>, ta marbutah <bdo
dir="ltr" lang="ar">ة</bdo>, alif maqsurah <bdo dir="ltr"
lang="ar">ى</bdo> and various diacritics for vowelized texts.
<!-- -->
- Since the usability of a keyboard layout depends on the text entered
- it is necessary to study letter and letter combination frequencies first.
+ Since the performance of a keyboard layout depends on the text entered
+ it is necessary to study its mono-, di- and trigraph frequencies first.
<!-- -->
- The corpus used for the following analysis consists of
+ The novel corpus built for the following analysis consists of
</p>
<table class="pure-table"><thead><tr><th>Source</th><th></th><th>Words</th><th>Characters</th></thead><tbody>
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@
<div class="lbox">
<h2>Layout properties</h2>
- <p>The following evaluation uses color coding to identify fingers:</p>
+ <p>Throughout this evaluation color coding is used to identify fingers:</p>
<dl class="colorcodes">
<dt class="finger little">red</dt>
<dd>little finger</dd>
@@ -207,6 +207,44 @@
<dd>thumb</dd>
</dl>
<p>Asymmetry is defined as the difference between left and right hand usage.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ The layout proposed uses four layers and assumes a 102/105 key ISO
+ keyboard common in Europe to accomodate the shift keys necessary.
+ <!-- -->
+ These are in order: <span class="layer second">Shift on the left and
+ right</span>, <span class="layer third">caps lock on the left and the
+ rightmost key in the middle row</span>, <span class="layer fourth">the
+ key right of the left shift key and the key labeled <em>Alt Gr</em> to
+ the right of the spacebar</span>.
+ <!-- -->
+ Symbols are assigned to the four layers by their function: <span
+ class="layer first">characters</span>, <span class="layer
+ second">punctuation</span>, <span class="layer
+ third">diacritics</span>, <span class="layer fourth">other</span>.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ The first layer was optimized using an extended reimplementation of <a
+ href="http://mkweb.bcgsc.ca/carpalx/?typing_effort">carpalx</a>.
+ <!-- -->
+ From several runs with 100.000 iterations each the layout which had
+ good scores and looked reasonable to the human eye was picked.
+ <!-- -->
+ Optimal arrengement of layers two and up are still under investigation.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ The most frequent letters have all been assigned to the home row, which
+ makes them easily accessible.
+ <!-- -->
+ <bdo lang="ar" dir="ltr">ا</bdo> and <bdo lang="ar" dir="ltr">ل</bdo>
+ are typed with different hands, balancing the load on hands almost
+ evenly.
+ <!-- -->
+ The index and middle finger of both hands share the majority of the
+ typing load, but naturally the left middle finger is used more
+ frequently due to its assignment to the letter alif.
+ </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
@@ -243,103 +281,129 @@
</figure>
</section>
-<section class="layoutgallery">
+<section id="related">
<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
<div class="lbox">
- <h2>Related work</h2>
+ <h2><a href="#related">Related work</a></h2>
+ <p>This section explores existing keyboard layouts made for the
+ Arabic language and analyzes their usability.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
- <figure id="ar-asmo663">
- <div class="lbox">
- <img src="ar-asmo663-heat.svg">
- {{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-asmo663']) }}
- </div>
- <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ <div id="ar-asmo663" class="pure-g flexreverse">
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
<div class="lbox">
+ <h3><a href="#ar-asmo663">ASMO 663</a></h3>
<p>
Trying to unify existing layouts, the Arab Standardization and
- Meterology Organization (ASMO), now part of
- <a href="https://www.aidmo.org/">AIDMO</a>, published an Arabic
+ Meterology Organization (<abbr>ASMO</abbr>), now part of
+ <a href="https://www.aidmo.org/"><abbr>AIDMO</abbr></a>, published an Arabic
keyboard layout in 1987 as
- <a href="https://www.aidmo.org/smcacc/ar/index.php?option=com_sobi2&Itemid=2&limitstart=2150">standard 663</a>.
+ <a href="https://www.aidmo.org/smcacc/ar/index.php?option=com_sobi2&Itemid=2&limitstart=2150">standard 663</a>
+ titled <em>Arabic terminal keyboard layout</em>.
<!-- -->
- This, however, turned out to be a failure, due to lack of adoption by
- the typewriter industry.
+ The layout has several shortcomings:
+ Most notably it clusters letters by their visual similarity (<bdo
+ dir="ltr" lang="ar">ض ص، س ش، ح ج خ</bdo>) and not frequency.
+ <!-- -->
+ Also it overuses the right index finger by assigning the four
+ high-frequency letters <bdo lang="ar" dir="ltr">ا ت و ة</bdo> to
+ it.
</p>
</div>
</div>
- </figcaption>
- </figure>
+ </div>
- <figure id="ar-osx">
+ <figure>
<div class="lbox">
- <img src="ar-osx-heat.svg">
- {{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-osx']) }}
+ <img src="ar-asmo663-heat.svg">
+ {{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-asmo663']) }}
</div>
- <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ </figcaption>
+ </figure>
+
+ <div id="ar-osx" class="pure-g flexreverse">
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
<div class="lbox">
+ <h3><a href="#ar-osx">Mac OS X</a></h3>
<p>
- Mac OS X’s Arabic keyboard layout makes a few small changes to the
- layout by moving the <span lang="ar" dir="ltr">ة</span> to a hard
- to reach spot on the right of the top row.
+ Mac OS X’s Arabic keyboard layout makes a few small changes to ASMO
+ 663 by moving the <bdo lang="ar" dir="ltr">ة</bdo> to a hard to
+ reach spot on the right of the top row.
<!-- -->
- It also moves the short vowels from the first to the second layer
- and replaces them with punctuation.
+ It also moves the short vowels from the first to the top row of the
+ second layer and replaces them with symbols.
<!-- -->
The bottom row keys are aditionally shifted to the right, beginning
- with <span lang="ar" dir="ltr">ر</span>.
+ with <bdo lang="ar" dir="ltr">ر</bdo>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
- </figcaption>
- </figure>
+ </div>
- <figure id="ar-linux">
+ <figure>
<div class="lbox">
- <img src="ar-linux-heat.svg">
- {{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-linux']) }}
+ <img src="ar-osx-heat.svg">
+ {{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-osx']) }}
</div>
+ </figure>
+
+ <div id="ar-linux" class="pure-g flexreverse">
<figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
<div class="lbox">
+ <h3><a href="#ar-linux">Linux</a></h3>
<p>
- Instead we’re currently using this layout (on Linux), which is
- similar, but not quite the same.
+ A more common layout is the one used on Linux, which also exists on
+ Windows with minor changes to the first layer.
<!-- -->
- Most notably this layout arranges letters by their visual similarity.
+ While its top and center row barely differ from ASMO 663 the
+ bottom row now contains a separate key for the ligature <bdo
+ lang="ar" dir="ltr">ﻻ</bdo>.
<!-- -->
- Thus it allocates suboptimal or even awkward positions to frequently
- used letters like <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ا ل</bdo> and
- <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ذ</bdo>.
+ But at the cost of pushing punctuation characters to the second
+ layer, <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">د</bdo> into the top and <bdo
+ dir="ltr" lang="ar">ذ</bdo> even further into the number row.
</p>
</div>
</div>
- </figcaption>
- </figure>
+ </div>
- <figure id="ar-malas">
+ <figure>
<div class="lbox">
- <img src="ar-malas-heat.svg">
- {{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-malas']) }}
+ <img src="ar-linux-heat.svg">
+ {{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-linux']) }}
</div>
- <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ </figure>
+
+ <div class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
+ </div>
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <p>In contrast to the layouts presented so far the following
+ layouts claim to be optimized for the Arabic language and were, at
+ least partially, created algorithmically.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="ar-malas" class="pure-g flexreverse">
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
<div class="lbox">
+ <h3><a href="#ar-malas">Malas et al</a></h3>
<p>
The work by Malas et al. (2008),
<a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1bf8/74dcaa7f21c2cc3c6c5e526b61a9ee352bba.pdf">Toward Optimal Arabic Keyboard Layout Using Genetic Algorithm</a>,
@@ -358,82 +422,91 @@
</p>
</div>
</div>
- </figcaption>
- </figure>
+ </div>
- <figure id="ar-osman">
+ <figure id="ar-malas">
<div class="lbox">
- <img src="ar-osman-heat.svg">
- {{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-osman']) }}
+ <img src="ar-malas-heat.svg">
+ {{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-malas']) }}
</div>
- <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ </figure>
+
+ <div id="ar-khorshid" class="pure-g flexreverse">
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
<div class="lbox">
+ <h3><a href="#ar-khorshid">Khorshid et al</a></h3>
<p>
- In 2015 patent
- <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US9041657B2/en">9,041,657 B2</a>
- was filed in the US, presenting yet another computer-generated layout.
+ In figure 8 of the paper
+ <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264837659_A_new_optimal_Arabic_keyboard_layout_using_genetic_algorithm">A new optimal Arabic keyboard layout using genetic algorithm</a>
+ published in 2010 Khorshid et al. present yet another layout.
<!-- -->
- Its genetic algorithm was seeded with just 54 Arabic e-books consisting
- of 7 million characters in total.
+ They reject the idea of using contemporary text sources like
+ newspapers or books and consequently their only input text is a
+ copy of the Quran, whose distribution of mono- and digraphs
+ is quite different from modern, non-religious texts.
<!-- -->
- Overall it claims to be 9% faster than default layouts.
+ A 36% improvement over the standard keyboard based on their
+ criteria for ergonomic layouts is claimed in their conclusion as
+ well.
<!-- -->
- This layout rips off most of the standard layout’s second layer,
- but amusingly fails to include a question mark, while it does
- provide <em>three</em> single-quote marks ’ and <em>two</em> Arabic
- semicolon <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">؛</bdo>.
- <!-- -->
- Additionally it places <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ي</bdo> in an even
- worse position than Malas’ layout.
+ However their algorithm seems to favor the bottom row instead of the
+ easier to use top row since it places the letters <bdo dir="ltr"
+ lang="ar">ب ت ر</bdo> there.
</p>
</div>
</div>
- </figcaption>
- </figure>
+ </div>
<figure>
<div class="lbox">
<img src="ar-khorshid-heat.svg">
{{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-khorshid']) }}
</div>
- <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ </figure>
+
+ <div id="ar-osman" class="pure-g flexreverse">
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
<div class="lbox">
+ <h3><a href="#ar-osman">Osman et al</a></h3>
<p>
- In the paper
- <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264837659_A_new_optimal_Arabic_keyboard_layout_using_genetic_algorithm">A new optimal Arabic keyboard layout using genetic algorithm</a>
- Khorshid et al. present yet another
- layout.
+ In 2015 patent
+ <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US9041657B2/en">9,041,657 B2</a>
+ was filed in the US, presenting yet another computer-generated layout.
<!-- -->
- They claim a 36% improvement over the standard keyboard based on
- their criteria for ergonomic layouts.
+ Its genetic algorithm was seeded with just 54 Arabic e-books consisting
+ of 7 million characters in total.
<!-- -->
- However in their layout from figure 8 the letters <bdo dir="ltr"
- lang="ar">ل ب ر</bdo> are in suboptimal positions.
+ Overall it claims to be 9% faster than default layouts.
<!-- -->
- Also it seems their algorithm favors the bottom row instead of the
- easier to use top row.
+ This layout rips off most of the standard layout’s second layer,
+ but amusingly fails to include a question mark, while it does
+ provide <em>three</em> single-quote marks ’ and <em>two</em> Arabic
+ semicolon <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">؛</bdo>.
+ <!-- -->
+ Additionally it places <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ي</bdo> in an even
+ worse position than Malas’ layout.
</p>
</div>
</div>
- </figcaption>
- </figure>
+ </div>
- <figure>
+ <figure id="ar-osman">
<div class="lbox">
- <img src="ar-phonetic-heat.svg">
- {{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-phonetic']) }}
+ <img src="ar-osman-heat.svg">
+ {{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-osman']) }}
</div>
- <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ </figure>
+
+ <div id="ar-phonetic" class="pure-g flexreverse">
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
<div class="lbox">
+ <h3><a href="#ar-phonetic">Phonetic</a></h3>
<p>
The <a href="http://arabic.omaralzabir.com/home">Arabic Phonetic Keyboard</a>
simply maps the QWERTY layout to Arabic letters, based on their sound.
@@ -447,14 +520,21 @@
</p>
</div>
</div>
- </figcaption>
+ </div>
+
+ <figure>
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <img src="ar-phonetic-heat.svg">
+ {{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-phonetic']) }}
+ </div>
</figure>
- <div class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ <div id="intellark" class="pure-g flexreverse">
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
</div>
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
<div class="lbox">
+ <h3><a href="#intellark">Intellark</a></h3>
<p>
While technically speaking not a layout but alternative input
method, <a href="http://www.intellaren.com/intellark">Intellark</a> by
@@ -484,7 +564,13 @@
<p>This work would not have been possible without Martin Krzywinski’s
work on <a
- href="http://mkweb.bcgsc.ca/carpalx/?typing_effort">carpalx</a>.</p>
+ href="http://mkweb.bcgsc.ca/carpalx/?typing_effort">carpalx</a>.
+ <!-- -->
+ Neo Layout’s <a
+ href="https://github.com/neo-layout/neo-layout/tree/master/windows/kbdneo2/Quelldateien">kbdneo2</a>
+ Windows driver proved to be an invaluable source for understanding the
+ undocumented nature of Windows keyboard driver development.
+ </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
diff --git a/lulua/data/report/style.css b/lulua/data/report/style.css
index b95add7..d829aa4 100644
--- a/lulua/data/report/style.css
+++ b/lulua/data/report/style.css
@@ -76,6 +76,13 @@ a:focus, a:hover {
color: var(--light-shades);
border-radius: 0.1em;
}
+h1 a:link, h1 a:visited, h2 a:link, h2 a:visited, h3 a:link, h3 a:visited {
+ color: inherit;
+}
+h1 a:focus, h1 a:hover, h2 a:focus, h2 a:hover, h3 a:focus, h3 a:hover {
+ background-color: inherit;
+ border-radius: inherit;
+}
div.title-card {
background-color: var(--dark-accent);
color: var(--light-shades);
@@ -199,4 +206,18 @@ dl.colorcodes .finger.index::before {
dl.colorcodes .finger.thumb::before {
background-color: var(--finger-thumb);
}
-
+.layer:before {
+ margin-right: 0.3em;
+}
+.layer.first:before {
+ content: "⋅";
+}
+.layer.second:before {
+ content: "⭡";
+}
+.layer.third:before {
+ content: "⭧";
+}
+.layer.fourth:before {
+ content: "⭨";
+}