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<!doctype html>
<html lang="ar">
<head>
  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <title>لؤلؤة: لوحة مفاتيح عربية</title>
  <!--<meta name="description" content="">-->
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">

	<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=IBM+Plex+Mono|IBM+Plex+Sans:100,400&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
	<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/purecss@2.0.3/build/pure-min.css" integrity="sha384-cg6SkqEOCV1NbJoCu11+bm0NvBRc8IYLRGXkmNrqUBfTjmMYwNKPWBTIKyw9mHNJ" crossorigin="anonymous">
	<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/purecss@2.0.3/build/grids-responsive-min.css" integrity="sha384-+lKLtMyKzY/ZdqRXlhw2whazop7duDxgP+oWPB+EGry5wK+vJnZwSsgMnAmDS/39" crossorigin="anonymous">
	<script src="https://polyfill.io/v3/polyfill.min.js?features=es6" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
	<script id="MathJax-script" async src="https://www.unpkg.com/mathjax@3.1.0/es5/tex-mml-chtml.js" integrity="sha384-ynpCZozLxgqK3wrgBu8qH8qPG3eD8mME8z0zugAX26UMb5HfLp2PtvtDH4vdmgkm" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
	{# bokeh #}
	{% for f in bokehres.js_files -%}
		<script src="{{ f }}"></script>
	{%- endfor %}
	{% for f in bokehres.css_files -%}
		<link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ f }}">
	{%- endfor %}
	<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
</head>
<body>

<div class="title-card pure-g">
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-lg-1-3">
	<div class="lbox">
		<h1 class="title"><img class="logo" src="lulua-logo.svg" alt="لؤلؤة"></h1>
		<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
			<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-2">
				<h2 class="subtitle">لوحة مفاتيح عربية</h2>
			</div>
			<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-2">
				<h2 class="subtitle" lang="en">Ergonomic Arabic Keyboard Layout</h2>
			</div>
		</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-lg-2-3">
	<div class="lbox">
		<div class="layout">
			<img src="ar-lulua.svg" alt="لؤلؤة">
		</div>
	</div>
	</div>
</div>

<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
	</div>
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
	<div class="lbox">
		<p>This is work in progress and contributions are welcome. Head over to
		<a href="https://github.com/PromyLOPh/lulua">GitHub</a> to see where
		you can help.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
</div>

<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
	</div>
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
	<div class="lbox">
		<h2>Goals</h2>
		<ul>
			<li>Ergonomic typing of unvocalized and vocalized text with 10 fingers</li>
			<li>Modern Standard Arabic and Quranic Arabic</li>
			<li>Localized numbers (European/Arabic-Indic)</li>
			<li>Usable as primary or secondary keyboard</li>
			<li>Compose-based</li>
			<li>Support for Markdown, RST, Wikitext and similar markup</li>
		</ul>

		<p>Other languages using the Arabic alphabet (regional dialects, Urdu,
		Persian) are explicitly not supported.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
</div>

<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
	</div>
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
	<div class="lbox">
		<h2>Usage</h2>
		<dl>
			<dt>Printout</dt>
			<dd><a href="ar-lulua.pdf">PDF</a></dd>
			<dt>Windows</dt>
			<dd>Download <a href="ar-lulua-w64.zip">driver</a> and follow instructions in <kbd>INSTALL.txt</kbd></dd>
			<dt>Android</dt>
			<dd>Install
			<a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.menny.android.anysoftkeyboard">AnySoftKeyboard</a>
			and
			<a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.anysoftkeyboard.languagepack.arabic">Arabic for AnySoftKeyboard</a>
			<dt>Linux</dt>
			<dd>Run: <code>xmodmap <a href="ar-lulua.xmodmap">ar-lulua.xmodmap</a></code></dd>
			<dt><a href="https://klavaro.sourceforge.io/en/index.html">Klavaro</a></dt>
			<dd>A touch typing tutor. Copy the <a href="lulua_ar.kbd">custom
			keyboard</a> to <code>%localappdata%\klavaro</code> (Windows) or
			<code>~/.config/klavaro/</code> (Linux), select Keyboard →
			(Custom), then lulua_ar.</dd>
		</dl>
	</div>
	</div>
</div>

<div class="indepth-card">
<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
	</div>
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
	<div class="lbox">
		<h1>Learn more</h1>
	</div>
	</div>
</div>
</div>

<section>
<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
	<div class="lbox">
		<h2>الأبجدية العربية</h2>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
	<div class="lbox">
		<h2>The Arabic alphabet</h2>
		<p>
		28 letters make up the Arabic alphabet and quite a few extra
		symbols are required for proper text input, like the hamza in its different
		shapes <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">أ إ آ ء ئ ؤ</bdo>, ta marbutah <bdo
		dir="ltr" lang="ar">ة</bdo>, alif maqsurah <bdo dir="ltr"
		lang="ar">ى</bdo> and various diacritics for vowelized texts.
		<!-- -->
		Since the performance of a keyboard layout depends on the text entered
		it is necessary to study its mono-, di- and trigraph frequencies first.
		<!-- -->
		The novel corpus built for the following analysis consists of
		</p>
	</div>
	</div>
</div>

<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
	<div class="lbox">
		<figure class="table-overflow">
		<table class="pure-table pure-table-horizontal"><thead><tr><th>مصدر</th><th></th><th>كلام</th><th>حروف</th></thead><tbody>
		{% for c in corpus|sort(attribute='source.name.en') %}
			<tr>
			<td><a href="{{ c.source.url }}">{{ c.source.name.ar }}</a></td>
			{% set count = c.get ('count') %}
			{% if count %}
				{# use new style formatting, for some reason %7,d does not work #}
				<td>{{ '{:7,d}'.format(count.num)|arabnum }} {{ count.kind.ar }}</td>
			{% else %}
				<td></td>
			{% endif %}

			{% set stats = c.get ('stats') %}
			{% for k in ('words', 'characters') %}
				{% set i = stats[k]|approx('ar') %}
				<td>{{ '%5.1f'|format(i[0])|arabnum }} {{ i[1] }}</td>
			{% endfor %}
			</tr>
		{% endfor %}
		<tr><td>مجموع</td><td></td>
		{% for k in ('words', 'characters') %}
			{% set i = corpustotal[k]|approx('ar') %}
			<td>{{ '%5.1f'|format(i[0])|arabnum }} {{ i[1] }}</td>
		{% endfor %}
		</tr>
		</tbody></table>
		<figcaption>
		</figcaption>
		</figure>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
	<div class="lbox">
		<figure class="table-overflow">
		<table class="pure-table pure-table-horizontal"><thead><tr><th>Source</th><th></th><th>Words</th><th>Characters</th></thead><tbody>
		{% for c in corpus|sort(attribute='source.name.en') %}
			<tr>
			<td><a href="{{ c.source.url }}">{{ c.source.name.en }}</a></td>
			{% set count = c.get ('count') %}
			{% if count %}
				{# use new style formatting, for some reason %7,d does not work #}
				<td>{{ '{:7,d}'.format(count.num)|numspace }}&#x2008;{{ count.kind.en }}</td>
			{% else %}
				<td></td>
			{% endif %}

			{% set stats = c.get ('stats') %}
			{% for k in ('words', 'characters') %}
				{% set i = stats[k]|approx %}
				<td>{{ '%5.1f'|format(i[0])|numspace }}&#x2008;{{ i[1] }}</td>
			{% endfor %}
			</tr>
		{% endfor %}
		<tr><td>Total</td><td></td>
		{% for k in ('words', 'characters') %}
			{% set i = corpustotal[k]|approx %}
			<td>{{ '%5.1f'|format(i[0])|numspace }}&#x2008;{{ i[1] }}</td>
		{% endfor %}
		</tr>
		</tbody></table>
		</figure>
		<details class="remarks">
		<summary></summary>
		<p>
		The chosen Quran representation does not include all quranic
		diacritization symbols, like <a
		href="https://github.com/khaledhosny/quran-data">other datasets</a>.
		<!-- -->
		This makes comparison fairer, since most keyboards presented below do
		not include any of them.
		</p>
		</details>

		<p>
		The plot below shows <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ا ل ي م و ن</bdo> can be
		considered the most frequently used letters in the Arabic language.
		<!-- -->
		Together they account for more than 55% of all letters in the corpus.
		</p>
	</div>
	</div>
</div>

<figure id="letterfreq">
<div class="lbox" lang="en">
	<div id="letterfreq-div"></div>
</div>
<figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
	</div>
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
	<div class="lbox">
		<p>Arabic letter frequency distribution</p>
	</div>
	</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>

<section>
<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
	</div>
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
	<div class="lbox">
		<h2>Layout properties</h2>

		<p>Throughout this evaluation color coding is used to identify fingers:</p>
		<dl class="colorcodes">
			<dt class="finger little">red</dt>
			<dd>little finger</dd>
			<dt class="finger ring">blue</dt>
			<dd>ring finger</dd>
			<dt class="finger middle">magenta</dt>
			<dd>middle finger
			<dt class="finger index">violet</dt>
			<dd>index finger</dd>
			<dt class="finger thumb">cyan</dt>
			<dd>thumb</dd>
		</dl>
		<p>Asymmetry is defined as the difference between left and right hand button
		usage \(b_{left/right}\) and includes the thumb:</p>
		$$a = \frac{b_{left}}{b_{total}} - \frac{b_{right}}{b_{total}}$$

		<p>
		The layout proposed uses four shift layers in a way inspired by <a
		href="https://neo-layout.org/">Neo2</a>.
		<!-- -->
		Thus it assumes a <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_keyboard#Keyboard_layouts">102/105
		key ISO keyboard</a> common in Europe – but also available in Arab
		countries – to accommodate for the necessary shift keys.
		<!-- -->
		These are in order: <span class="layer second">Shift on the left and
		right</span>, <span class="layer third">caps lock on the left and the
		rightmost key in the middle row</span>, <span class="layer fourth">the
		key right to the left shift key and the key labeled <em>Alt Gr</em> to
		the right of the spacebar</span>.
		<!-- -->
		Symbols are assigned to the four layers by their function: <span
		class="layer first">characters</span>, <span class="layer
		second">punctuation</span>, <span class="layer
		third">diacritics</span>, <span class="layer fourth">other</span>.
		</p>
		<details class="remarks">
		<summary></summary>
		<p>Apple, for instance, provides an <a
		href="https://www.apple.com/shop/product/MLA22AC/A/magic-keyboard-arabic">Arabic
		hardware keyboard</a> with this physical layout. But both variants,
		101/104 key and 102/105 key devices, seem to exist in the Arab
		world.</p>
		</details>

		<p>
		The first layer was optimized using an extended reimplementation of <a
		href="http://mkweb.bcgsc.ca/carpalx/?typing_effort">carpalx</a>.
		<!-- -->
		From several runs with 100.000 iterations each the layout which had
		good scores and looked reasonable to the human eye was picked.
		<!-- -->
		Afterwards the third layer was optimized using the same process, but
		only using data from the Hindawi corpus, because it is the only one
		with at least some fully diacriticised texts.
		<!-- -->
		Finally the different brackets were arranged by hand and the remaining
		symbols algorithmically distributed on the second layer using the raw
		Wikitext from the Arabic Wikipedia dataset.
		</p>
		<details class="remarks">
		<summary></summary>
		<p>This is <a
		href="https://github.com/mw8/white_keyboard_layout/blob/master/README.md#finding-the-optimal-layout">a
		common way</a> of arranging brackets, because most algorithms ignore
		human desire for symmetry.</p>
		</details>

		<p>
		The most frequent letters have all been assigned to the home row, which
		makes them easily accessible.
		<!-- -->
		<bdo lang="ar" dir="ltr">ا</bdo> and <bdo lang="ar" dir="ltr">ل</bdo>
		are typed with different hands, balancing the load on hands almost
		evenly.
		<!-- -->
		The index and middle finger of both hands share the majority of the
		typing load, but naturally the left middle finger is used more
		frequently due to its assignment to the letter alif.
		</p>

		<p>
		The layout targets Quaranic and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), also called Fusha
		(<bdo lang="ar">الفصحى</bdo>), only.
		<!-- -->
		Dialectical Arabic (<bdo lang="ar">العامية</bdo>) is mainly a spoken
		language, although with the rise of social media sites like Twitter and
		Facebook this is changing.
		<!-- -->
		For now however it’s not an optimization target due to the lack of a
		good, representative corpus.
		</p>

		<p>
		Designing the layout to be compose-based has both benefits and
		disadvantages.
		<!-- -->
		Compose-based mainly means the hamza <bdo lang="ar" dir="ltr">ء</bdo>
		is treated like an optional diacritic for Alef, Waw and Yah instead of
		viewing Alef-Hamza, Waw-Hamza and Yah-Hamza as precombined, atomic
		units.
		<!-- -->
		Although <bdo lang="ar" dir="ltr">أ</bdo> and <bdo lang="ar"
		dir="ltr">ا</bdo> are not the same, the hamza can be dropped if the
		writer’s intention is unambigiously inferable from context.
		<!-- -->
		Thus it makes sense to provide hamza as a combining character on the
		keyboard.
		<!-- -->
		Additionally it uses two keys less than precombining it with its stems,
		allowing the entire alphabet plus hamza diacritic to fit on a single
		keyboard layer.
		<!-- -->
		However, there is a cost to this approach:
		All hamza variants account for {{
		'%.1f'|format(layoutstats['ar-osx'].hamzaImpact*100) }}% of button
		combinations.
		<!-- -->
		Splitting hamza and from its stem means doubling the total number of
		button combinations and thus button presses, decreasing scores like
		words per minute (WPM) slightly.
		<!-- -->
		Splitting Alef and Alef-Hamza could also reduce pressure on left middle
		finger and allow for more even distribution, since {{
		layoutstats['ar-osx'].hamzaOnAlef|fraction }}<sup>th</sup> of all Alef
		uses are with Hamza.
		</p>
		<details class="remarks">
		<summary></summary>
		<p>See for example section 3.3 of <a
		href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6046-5_3">Buckwalter’s <em>Issues in Arabic Morphological Analysis</em></a>.
		</p>
		</details>
	</div>
	</div>
</div>

{% macro fingerhandstats(stats) %}
{% set hands = stats.hands %}
{% set fingers = stats.fingers %}
<div class="fingerhandstats" dir="ltr" lang="en">
{% for hand in Direction %}
	{% set handpct = hands[hand]/stats.buttonPresses*100 %}
	<div class="{{ hand.name.lower() }}" style="width: {{ '%.3f'|format(handpct) }}%;">
	<div class="hand">{{ '%.2f'|format(handpct) }}%</div>
	<div class="fingers">
	{% for finger in fingerOrder[hand] %}
		{% set fingerpct = fingers[(hand, finger)]/stats.buttonPresses*100 %}
		{# finger width is relative to parent (i.e. hand) #}
		{% set fingerwidth = fingers[(hand, finger)]/hands[hand]*100 %}
		<div class="{{ finger.name.lower() }}" style="width: {{ '%.3f'|format(fingerwidth) }}%;">{{ '%.2f'|format(fingerpct) }}</div>
	{% endfor %}
	</div>
	</div>
	{% if loop.first %}
		<div class="asymm"><small>Asymmetry: {{ '%.3f'|format(stats.asymmetry) }}</small></div>
	{% endif %}
{% endfor %}
</div>
{% endmacro %}

<figure id="ar-lulua-heat">
<div class="lbox" lang="en">
	<img src="ar-lulua-heat.svg">
	{{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-lulua']) }}
</div>
</figure>
</section>

<section id="related">
	<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
		</div>
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
		<div class="lbox">
			<h2><a href="#related">Related work</a></h2>
			<p>This section explores existing keyboard layouts made for the
			Arabic language and analyzes their usability.</p>
		</div>
		</div>
	</div>

	<div id="ar-asmo663" class="pure-g flexreverse">
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
		</div>
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
		<div class="lbox">
			<h3><a href="#ar-asmo663">ASMO 663</a></h3>
			<p>
			Trying to unify existing layouts, the Arab Standardization and
			Meterology Organization (<abbr>ASMO</abbr>), now part of
			<a href="https://www.aidmo.org/"><abbr>AIDMO</abbr></a>, published an Arabic
			keyboard layout in 1987 as
			<a href="https://www.aidmo.org/smcacc/ar/index.php?option=com_sobi2&Itemid=2&limitstart=2150">standard 663</a>
			titled <em>Arabic terminal keyboard layout</em>.
			<!-- -->
			The layout has several shortcomings:
			Most notably it clusters letters by their visual similarity (<bdo
			dir="ltr" lang="ar">ض ص، س ش، ح ج خ</bdo>) and not frequency.
			<!-- -->
			Also it overuses the right index finger by assigning the four
			high-frequency letters <bdo lang="ar" dir="ltr">ا ت و ة</bdo> to
			it.
			</p>
		</div>
		</div>
	</div>

	<figure>
	<div class="lbox">
		<img src="ar-asmo663-heat.svg">
		{{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-asmo663']) }}
	</div>
	</figcaption>
	</figure>

	<div id="ar-osx" class="pure-g flexreverse">
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
		</div>
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
		<div class="lbox">
			<h3><a href="#ar-osx">Mac OS X</a></h3>
			<p>
			Mac OS X’s Arabic keyboard layout makes a few small changes to ASMO
			663 by moving the <bdo lang="ar" dir="ltr">ة</bdo> to a hard to
			reach spot on the right of the top row.
			<!-- -->
			It also moves the short vowels from the first to the top row of the
			second layer and replaces them with symbols.
			<!-- -->
			The bottom row keys are aditionally shifted to the right, beginning
			with <bdo lang="ar" dir="ltr">ر</bdo>.
			</p>
		</div>
		</div>
	</div>

	<figure>
	<div class="lbox">
		<img src="ar-osx-heat.svg">
		{{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-osx']) }}
	</div>
	</figure>

	<div id="ar-linux" class="pure-g flexreverse">
	<figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
		</div>
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
		<div class="lbox">
			<h3><a href="#ar-linux">Linux</a></h3>
			<p>
			A more common layout is the one used on Linux, which also exists on
			Windows with minor changes to the first layer.
			<!-- -->
			While its top and center row barely differ from ASMO 663 the
			bottom row now contains a separate key for the ligature <bdo
			lang="ar" dir="ltr">ﻻ</bdo>, likely inherited from <a
			href="https://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2014/10/the-arabic-typewriter-keyboard-and.html">early
			typewriter layouts</a>.
			<!-- -->
			But at the cost of pushing punctuation characters to the second
			layer, <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">د</bdo> into the top and <bdo
			dir="ltr" lang="ar">ذ</bdo> even further into the number row.
			</p>
		</div>
		</div>
	</div>

	<figure>
	<div class="lbox">
		<img src="ar-linux-heat.svg">
		{{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-linux']) }}
	</div>
	</figure>

	<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
		</div>
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
		<div class="lbox">
			<p>In contrast to the layouts presented so far the following
			layouts claim to be optimized for the Arabic language and were, at
			least partially, created algorithmically.</p>
		</div>
		</div>
	</div>

	<div id="ar-alramly" class="pure-g flexreverse">
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
		</div>
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
		<div class="lbox">
			<h3><a href="#ar-alramly">Al-Ramly et al</a></h3>
			<p>
			One of the eariest accounts can be found in the article <a
			href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-6670(17)64475-6">Statistical
			Distribution of Arabic Letters Aids to the Design of a New
			Keyboard</a> by Al-Ramly et al published in 1980.
			<!-- -->
			The Arabic half of the proposed bi-lingual layout seems to be
			hand-optimized based on several metrics including character
			frequencies – without mentioning a source for them though – visual
			similarity (“letter groups”) and their position on previous
			layouts.
			<!-- -->
			It tries to balance load between hands, assign more work to index
			and middle fingers and place common letters in the home row.
			<!-- -->
			However the asymmetry given in the article, 0.032, cannot be
			reproduced here.
			<!-- -->
			For the most part the layout lacks combining and pre-combined
			characters, a task that is left to “machine intelligence” making it
			hard to use nowadays.
			</p>
			<p>
			While the layout distributes load between fingers quite well it
			favors the left hand by assigning <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ا</bdo>
			and <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ل</bdo> to it.
			<!-- -->
			The decision to place <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ث</bdo> in a very
			prominent spot seems weird, given it only accounts for 0.5% of all
			symbols, even in their own analysis.
			</p>
		</div></div>
	</div>

	<figure>
	<div class="lbox">
		<img src="ar-alramly-heat.svg">
		{{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-alramly']) }}
	</div>
	</figure>

	<div id="ar-idlebi" class="pure-g flexreverse">
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
		</div>
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
		<div class="lbox">
			<h3><a href="#ar-idlebi">Idlebi et al</a></h3>
			<p>
			Another article from the early days of computers published in 1990
			is <a
			href="https://archive.org/details/computers_and_the_arabic_language_1990/page/n112/mode/2up">Design
			of Arabic Keyboard Layout Based on Statistical Properties of Arabic
			Characters</a> by Idlebi et al.
			<!-- -->
			They present two examples of programmatically optimized layouts and
			account for character and bigram frequencies based on a corpus of
			100.000 characters, finger movement time of unknown origin and finger
			load.
			</p>
			<p>
			Unfortunately the results use 12 keys per row and are not suitable
			for use with current European keyboards, which usually feature only 11 keys
			in the bottom row.
			<!-- -->
			Thus the layout displayed below lacks the Arabic question mark and
			comma in the bottom right.
			<!-- -->
			Probably due to their unusual assumption that middle- and
			ring-finger rest in the top row their results are suboptimal,
			placing both <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ا</bdo> and <bdo dir="ltr"
			lang="ar">ي</bdo> in the top row.
			<!-- -->
			Their analysis notices this and suggests improved positions for
			both characters, but these are not actually implemented.
			<!-- -->
			The big asymmetry is caused by placing <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ا
			ل ي</bdo> and <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">و</bdo>, four of the five
			most frequent letters, on the right hand side.
			</p>
		</div></div>
	</div>

	<figure>
	<div class="lbox">
		<img src="ar-idlebi-heat.svg">
		{{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-idlebi']) }}
	</div>
	</figure>

	<div id="ar-malas" class="pure-g flexreverse">
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
		</div>
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
		<div class="lbox">
			<h3><a href="#ar-malas">Malas et al</a></h3>
			<p>
			About 20 years later (2008) Malas et al. presented an alternative
			layout generated by a genetic algorithm in their article <a
			href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1bf8/74dcaa7f21c2cc3c6c5e526b61a9ee352bba.pdf">Toward
			Optimal Arabic Keyboard Layout Using Genetic Algorithm</a>.
			<!-- -->
			They used a snapshot of the Arabic Wikipedia probably from around 2008 and
			optimized for typing speed only, claiming 35% faster typing compared
			to the <a href="#ar-linux">currently used layouts</a>.
			<!-- -->
			However the decision to put <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ي</bdo> in the top
			row seems odd.
			<!-- -->
			Assigning the same left index finger to <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ا
			ي و</bdo>, which are three of the most frequent letters, heavily
			strains this particular finger.
			</p>
		</div>
		</div>
	</div>

	<figure>
	<div class="lbox">
		<img src="ar-malas-heat.svg">
		{{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-malas']) }}
	</div>
	</figure>

	<div id="ar-khorshid" class="pure-g flexreverse">
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
		</div>
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
		<div class="lbox">
			<h3><a href="#ar-khorshid">Khorshid et al</a></h3>
			<p>
			In figure 8 of the paper
			<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264837659_A_new_optimal_Arabic_keyboard_layout_using_genetic_algorithm">A new optimal Arabic keyboard layout using genetic algorithm</a>
			published in 2010 Khorshid et al. present yet another layout.
			<!-- -->
			They reject the idea of using contemporary text sources like
			newspapers or books and consequently their only input text is a
			copy of the Quran, whose distribution of mono- and digraphs
			is quite different from modern, non-religious texts.
			<!-- -->
			A 36% improvement over the standard keyboard based on their
			criteria for ergonomic layouts is claimed in their conclusion as
			well.
			<!-- -->
			However their algorithm seems to favor the bottom row instead of the
			easier to use top row since it places the letters <bdo dir="ltr"
			lang="ar">ب ت ر</bdo> there.
			</p>
		</div>
		</div>
	</div>

	<figure>
	<div class="lbox">
		<img src="ar-khorshid-heat.svg">
		{{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-khorshid']) }}
	</div>
	</figure>

	<div id="ar-osman" class="pure-g flexreverse">
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
		</div>
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
		<div class="lbox">
			<h3><a href="#ar-osman">Osman et al</a></h3>
			<p>
			In 2015 patent
			<a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US9041657B2/en">9,041,657 B2</a>
			was filed in the US, presenting yet another computer-generated layout.
			<!-- -->
			Its genetic algorithm was seeded with just 54 Arabic e-books consisting
			of 7 million characters in total.
			<!-- -->
			Overall it claims to be 9% faster than default layouts.
			<!-- -->
			This layout rips off most of the standard layout’s second layer,
			but amusingly fails to include a question mark, while it does
			provide <em>three</em> single-quote marks ’ and <em>two</em> Arabic
			semicolon <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">؛</bdo>.
			<!-- -->
			Additionally it places <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ي</bdo> in an even
			worse position than Malas’ layout.
			</p>
		</div>
		</div>
	</div>

	<figure>
	<div class="lbox">
		<img src="ar-osman-heat.svg">
		{{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-osman']) }}
	</div>
	</figure>

	<div id="ar-qtaish" class="pure-g flexreverse">
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
		</div>
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
		<div class="lbox">
			<h3><a href="#ar-qtaish">Qtaish et al</a></h3>
			<p>
			Qtaish et al presented this layout in
			<a href="http://www.sci-int.com/pdf/637456047563529791.pdf">An Improved Arabic Keyboard Layout</a> in 2021.
			<!-- -->
			They use a novel corpus of 5 million words or roughly 66 million letters
			<!-- 65713689 adding up the numbers in their paper --> consisting of
			newspapers, (now defunct) social networks and blogs, as well as six
			dictionaries (see remarks).
			<!-- -->
			Then letters were classified into three categories based on their
			frequency, which apparently were used to populate home, top and bottom
			row (in this order).
			<!-- -->
			Additionally bigrams were somehow used to arrange letters and avoid
			placing them on the same or adjacent fingers, making rolling finger
			movements incentiviced by carpalx impossible.
			<!-- -->
			Ultimately it looks like the layout was designed by hand and not through
			an automated process. <!-- see section 5 of the paper -->
			</p>

			<details class="remarks">
			<summary></summary>
			<em>Alfarahindi</em> and <em>Alein Dictionary</em> are most likely the same 8th century book <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_al-%27Ayn">Kitab al-'Ayn</a>.
			<!-- -->
			There are also <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3">Taj-Alaroos</a>, <a href="https://www.lesanarab.com/letter/">Lesan Alarab</a>, <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7">Almujam Alwaseet</a> and <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF_(%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81)">Almunjed</a>.
			<!-- -->
			All of them are lexica, not dictionaries.
			</details>

			<p>
			Although the authors do not provide a number row, it has been added for
			fair comparison.
			<!-- -->
			However to be actually usable the layout would need punctuation symbols and diacritics.
			</p>
		</div>
		</div>
	</div>

	<figure id="ar-qtaish">
	<div class="lbox">
		<img src="ar-qtaish-heat.svg">
		{{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-qtaish']) }}
	</div>
	</figure>

	<div id="ar-ergoarabic" class="pure-g flexreverse">
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
		</div>
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
		<div class="lbox">
			<h3><a href="#ar-ergoarabic">Ergoarabic</a></h3>
			<p>
			Being first released in 2021 <a
			href="https://github.com/darkstego/ergoarabic">Ergoarabic</a> is the
			most recent optimized layout for Arabic.
			<!-- -->
			On the first layer it combines the positions of 17 keys from the <a
			href="#ar-linux">standard PC layout</a> with brackets and punctuation
			symbols from QWERTY, aiming to retain compatibility with both.
			<!-- -->
			The remaining keys have been re-arranged or moved to the shift layer by
			hand for improved ergonomics.
			</p>
		</div>
		</div>
	</div>

	<figure id="ar-ergoarabic">
	<div class="lbox">
		<img src="ar-ergoarabic-heat.svg">
		{{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-ergoarabic']) }}
	</div>
	</figure>

	<div id="ar-phonetic" class="pure-g flexreverse">
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
		</div>
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
		<div class="lbox">
			<h3><a href="#ar-phonetic">Phonetic</a></h3>
			<p>
			The <a href="http://arabic.omaralzabir.com/home">Arabic Phonetic Keyboard</a>
			simply maps the QWERTY layout to Arabic letters, based on their sound.
			Thus Q becomes <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ق</bdo>, Y becomes <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ي</bdo> and so on.
			It claims to be optimized for writing vowelized texts, especially
			Quranic Arabic, and thus includes quite a few combining characters and
			special symbols.
			Although it claims to make frequently used letters easily available –
			based on the work of Intellaren – it makes no effort to arrange letters
			according to their usage frequency.
			</p>
		</div>
		</div>
	</div>

	<figure>
	<div class="lbox">
		<img src="ar-phonetic-heat.svg">
		{{ fingerhandstats(layoutstats['ar-phonetic']) }}
	</div>
	</figure>

	<div id="intellark" class="pure-g flexreverse">
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
		</div>
		<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
		<div class="lbox">
			<h3><a href="#intellark">Intellark</a></h3>
			<p>
			While technically speaking not a layout but alternative input
			method, <a href="http://www.intellaren.com/intellark">Intellark</a> by
			Intellaren is worth mentioning.
			<!-- -->
			It is based on repeatedly pressing the same button to modifiy the
			current character.
			<!-- -->
			For example pressing A on the QWERTY keyboard cycles through the
			alternatives <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ا أ إ آ</bdo> and <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ء</bdo>.
			<!-- -->
			Obviously this is slow, error-prone and violates Dvorak’s guidelines
			for keyboard layout designs.
			</p>
		</div>
		</div>
	</div>
</section>

<section>
<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2">
	</div>
	<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-xl-1-2" lang="en">
	<div class="lbox">
		<h2>Acknowledgements</h2>

		<p>This work would not have been possible without Martin Krzywinski’s
		work on <a
		href="http://mkweb.bcgsc.ca/carpalx/?typing_effort">carpalx</a>.
		<!-- -->
		Neo Layout’s <a
		href="https://github.com/neo-layout/neo-layout/tree/master/windows/kbdneo2/Quelldateien">kbdneo2</a>
		Windows driver proved to be an invaluable source for understanding the
		undocumented nature of Windows keyboard driver development.
		</p>
	</div>
	</div>
</div>
</section>

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