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authorLars-Dominik Braun <lars@6xq.net>2019-09-26 08:36:42 +0200
committerLars-Dominik Braun <lars@6xq.net>2019-09-26 08:37:12 +0200
commit2ed45cd9ff6c786a8d3415520830f52dc81b5041 (patch)
tree2172776696a0224051534003facb699bdf55d7e0 /doc
parente6f221971927d68ebadca7a9517edf1190a9213c (diff)
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doc: Add related work
i.e. Arabic keyboard layouts
Diffstat (limited to 'doc')
-rw-r--r--doc/Makefile24
-rw-r--r--doc/index.html288
-rw-r--r--doc/style.css15
3 files changed, 317 insertions, 10 deletions
diff --git a/doc/Makefile b/doc/Makefile
index 037a78f..8ecf093 100644
--- a/doc/Makefile
+++ b/doc/Makefile
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-all: ar-lulua.xmodmap ar-lulua.svg
+all: ar-lulua.xmodmap ar-lulua.svg ar-asmo663.svg ar-linux.svg ar-malas.svg ar-phonetic.svg ar-osman.svg letterfreq.json ar-khorshid.svg
-#letterfreq.json: ../stats.pickle
-# lulua-analyze -l ar-lulua letterfreq < $< > $@
+letterfreq.json: ../stats.pickle
+ lulua-analyze -l ar-lulua letterfreq < $< > $@
ar-lulua.xmodmap:
lulua-render xmodmap -l ar-lulua $@
@@ -9,3 +9,21 @@ ar-lulua.xmodmap:
ar-lulua.svg:
lulua-render svg -l ar-lulua $@
+ar-asmo663.svg:
+ lulua-render svg -l ar-asmo663 $@
+
+ar-linux.svg:
+ lulua-render svg -l ar-linux $@
+
+ar-malas.svg:
+ lulua-render svg -l ar-malas $@
+
+ar-phonetic.svg:
+ lulua-render svg -l ar-phonetic $@
+
+ar-osman.svg:
+ lulua-render svg -l ar-osman $@
+
+ar-khorshid.svg:
+ lulua-render svg -l ar-khorshid $@
+
diff --git a/doc/index.html b/doc/index.html
index 815b2a4..4e14658 100644
--- a/doc/index.html
+++ b/doc/index.html
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@
<body>
<div class="title-card pure-g">
- <div class="lbox">
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-lg-1-3">
- <h1 lang="ar"><img class="logo" src="lulua-logo.svg"></h1>
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <h1 class="title"><img class="logo" src="lulua-logo.svg"></h1>
<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
<div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-2">
<!--<h2 class="subtitle">لوحة مفاتيح العربية المريحة</h1>-->
@@ -28,7 +28,9 @@
</div>
</div>
</div>
- <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-lg-2-3" lang="en">
+ </div>
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-lg-2-3">
+ <div class="lbox">
<div class="layout">
<img src="ar-lulua.svg" alt="لؤلؤة">
</div>
@@ -77,11 +79,289 @@
<h2>Usage</h2>
<dl>
<dt>Linux</dt>
- <dd><code>xmodmap <a href="ar-lulua.xmodmap">ar-lulua.xmodmap</a></code></dd>
+ <dd>Run: <code>xmodmap <a href="ar-lulua.xmodmap">ar-lulua.xmodmap</a></code></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
+<div class="indepth-card">
+<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
+ </div>
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <h1>Learn more</h1>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<section>
+<div class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <h2>الأبجدية العربية</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <h2>The Arabic Alphabet</h2>
+ <p>
+ There are 28 letters in the Arabic alphabet, plus quite a few extra
+ symbols required for proper text input, like the hamza in its different
+ shapes <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">أ إ آ ء ئ ؤ</bdo>, ta marbutah <bdo
+ dir="ltr" lang="ar">ة</bdo>, alif maqsurah <bdo dir="ltr"
+ lang="ar">ى</bdo> and various diacritics for vowelized texts.
+ <!-- -->
+ Since the usability of a keyboard layout depends on the text entered
+ it is necessary to study letter and letter combination frequencies first.
+ <!-- -->
+ The corpus used for the following analysis consists of
+ </p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>547,110 articles from
+ <a href="https://www.aljazeera.net/">aljazeera.net</a>, an
+ Arabic-language news site</li>
+ <li>149,901 articles from <a href="http://www.bbc.com/arabic">BBC
+ Arabic</a>, another Arabic-language news site</li>
+ <li><a href="https://dumps.wikimedia.org/arwiki/20190701/">a
+ dump</a> of the <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/">Arabic
+ Wikipedia</a> as of July 2019, extracted using
+ <a href="https://github.com/attardi/wikiextractor/tree/3162bb6c3c9ebd2d15be507aa11d6fa818a454ac">wikiextractor</a>
+ containing 857386 articles</li>
+ <li>and a plain-text copy of the Quran from <a
+ href="http://tanzil.net/docs/download">tanzil.net</a> using the
+ options Simple Enhanced and Text (for inclusion of diacritics)</li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+ summing up to roughly 1.5 billion characters.
+ <!-- -->
+ The plot below shows <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ا ل ي و م ن</bdo> can be
+ considered the most frequently used letters in the Arabic language.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<figure id="letterfreq">
+<div class="lbox" lang="en">
+ <div id="letterfreq-div"></div>
+</div>
+<figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
+ </div>
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <p>Arabic letter frequency distribution</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+</section>
+
+<section class="layoutgallery">
+ <div class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
+ </div>
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <h2>Related work</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <figure id="ar-asmo663">
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <img src="ar-asmo663.svg">
+ </div>
+ <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
+ </div>
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <p>
+ Trying to unify existing layouts, the Arab Standardization and
+ Meterology Organization (ASMO), now part of
+ <a href="https://www.aidmo.org/">AIDMO</a>, published an Arabic
+ keyboard layout in 1987 as
+ <a href="https://www.aidmo.org/smcacc/ar/index.php?option=com_sobi2&Itemid=2&limitstart=2150">standard 663</a>.
+ <!-- -->
+ This, however, turned out to be a failure, due to lack of adoption by
+ the typewriter industry.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </figcaption>
+ </figure>
+
+ <figure id="ar-linux">
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <img src="ar-linux.svg">
+ </div>
+ <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
+ </div>
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <p>
+ Instead we’re currently using this layout (on Linux), which is
+ similar, but not quite the same.
+ <!-- -->
+ Most notably this layout arranges letters by their visual similarity.
+ <!-- -->
+ Thus it allocates suboptimal or even awkward positions to frequently
+ used letters like <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ا ل</bdo> and
+ <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ذ</bdo>.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </figcaption>
+ </figure>
+
+ <figure id="ar-malas">
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <img src="ar-malas.svg">
+ </div>
+ <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
+ </div>
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <p>
+ The work by Malas et al. (2008),
+ <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1bf8/74dcaa7f21c2cc3c6c5e526b61a9ee352bba.pdf">Toward Optimal Arabic Keyboard Layout Using Genetic Algorithm</a>,
+ presents an alternative layout generated by a genetic algorithm.
+ <!-- -->
+ They used a snapshot of the Arabic Wikipedia probably from around 2008 and
+ optimized for typing speed only, claiming 35% faster typing compared
+ to the <a href="#ar-linux">currently used layouts</a>.
+ <!-- -->
+ However the choice to put <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ي</bdo> in the top
+ row seems odd and suggests the authors did not take the time to review
+ the layout manually, given this letter is the third most frequent one
+ even in their own research.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </figcaption>
+ </figure>
+
+ <figure id="ar-osman">
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <img src="ar-osman.svg">
+ </div>
+ <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
+ </div>
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <p>
+ In 2015 patent
+ <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US9041657B2/en">9,041,657 B2</a>
+ was filed in the US, presenting yet another computer-generated layout.
+ <!-- -->
+ Its genetic algorithm was seeded with just 54 Arabic e-books consisting
+ of 7 million characters in total.
+ <!-- -->
+ Overall it claims to be 9% faster than default layouts.
+ <!-- -->
+ This layout rips off most of the standard layout’s second layer,
+ but amusingly fails to include a question mark, while it does
+ provide <em>three</em> single-quote marks ’ and <em>two</em> Arabic
+ semicolon <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">؛</bdo>.
+ <!-- -->
+ Additionally it places <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ي</bdo> in an even
+ worse position than Malas’ layout.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </figcaption>
+ </figure>
+
+ <figure>
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <img src="ar-khorshid.svg">
+ </div>
+ <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
+ </div>
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <p>
+ In the paper
+ <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264837659_A_new_optimal_Arabic_keyboard_layout_using_genetic_algorithm">A new optimal Arabic keyboard layout using genetic algorithm</a>
+ Khorshid et al. present yet another
+ layout.
+ <!-- -->
+ They claim a 36% improvement over the standard keyboard based on
+ their criteria for ergonomic layouts.
+ <!-- -->
+ However in their layout from figure 8 both letters <bdo dir="ltr"
+ lang="ar">ب ر</bdo> are in suboptimal positions.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </figcaption>
+ </figure>
+
+ <figure>
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <img src="ar-phonetic.svg">
+ </div>
+ <figcaption class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
+ </div>
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <p>
+ The <a href="http://arabic.omaralzabir.com/home">Arabic Phonetic Keyboard</a>
+ simply maps the QWERTY layout to Arabic letters, based on their sound.
+ Thus Q becomes <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ق</bdo>, Y becomes <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ي</bdo> and so on.
+ It claims to be optimized for writing vowelized texts, especially
+ Quranic Arabic, and thus includes quite a few combining characters and
+ special symbols.
+ Although it claims to make frequently used letters easily available –
+ based on the work of Intellaren – it makes no effort to arrange letters
+ according to their usage frequency.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </figcaption>
+ </figure>
+
+ <div class="pure-g flexreverse">
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2">
+ </div>
+ <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2" lang="en">
+ <div class="lbox">
+ <p>
+ While technically speaking not a layout but alternative input
+ method, <a href="http://www.intellaren.com/intellark">Intellark</a> by
+ Intellaren is worth mentioning.
+ <!-- -->
+ It is based on repeatedly pressing the same button to modifiy the
+ current character.
+ <!-- -->
+ For example pressing A on the QWERTY keyboard cycles through the
+ alternatives <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ا أ إ آ</bdo> and <bdo dir="ltr" lang="ar">ء</bdo>.
+ <!-- -->
+ Obviously this is slow, error-prone and violates Dvorak’s guidelines
+ for keyboard layout designs.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+</section>
+
+
+
+</div>
+<script>
+fetch('letterfreq.json')
+ .then(function(response) { return response.json(); })
+ .then(function(item) { Bokeh.embed.embed_item(item, 'letterfreq-div'); })
+</script>
+
</body>
</html>
diff --git a/doc/style.css b/doc/style.css
index 995be7a..a61170b 100644
--- a/doc/style.css
+++ b/doc/style.css
@@ -33,8 +33,11 @@ body {
h1, h2, h3 {
font-weight: 100;
}
+h1 {
+ font-size: 4em;
+}
h2 {
- font-size: 3em;
+ font-size: 2.5em;
}
figure {
max-width: 70em;
@@ -61,11 +64,11 @@ div.title-card {
border-top: 1em solid #888a85;
}
div.title-card .lbox {
- margin: 1em;
+ margin: 2vw;
}
div.title-card h1 {
margin: 0;
- padding: 1em;
+ padding: 0.2em;
}
div.title-card img.logo {
max-width: 20em;
@@ -80,6 +83,12 @@ div.title-card .layout img {
display: block;
margin: 0 auto;
}
+div.indepth-card {
+ padding: 10vh 0;
+ margin: 1em 0;
+ background-color: #555753;
+ color: #eeeeec;
+}
.flexreverse {
flex-direction: row-reverse;
}
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.39.1) at 2024-12-25 07:15:56 +0000